Protecting Endangered Species: The Role of International Environmental Law in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62843/jrsr/2024.3a032Keywords:
International Environmental Law, Endangered Species in Pakistan, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity), Biodiversity ConservationAbstract
The protection of endangered species is one of the significant and emergent issues in the global community and international environmental law provides for the protection of this segment of the environment. This article discusses of some of the indispensable principles of International Environmental law treaties and conventions this include; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar Convention on wetlands of International Importance, The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and The World Wildlife Fund (WWF). It also investigates the Pakistan national law and present status of the endangered species in Pakistan. In the article, the role of international environmental law regarding endangered species in Pakistan has been described along with the issues. Lastly, recommendations on how endangered species may be protected in Pakistan using international environmental law is given. This article endeavors to add his ideas to the process of preservation of the endangered biological population and furthering the purposes of effective development in the territory of Pakistan.
References
Abbas, G., Nadeem, A., Babar, M. E., Bi, Y., Saleem, A. H., & Muner, R. (2024). Exploring genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of four native wild deer species of Pakistan using a combined effect of cytochrome B, C and D-loop DNA markers. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3488599/v1
Abbas, Y. (2015). Exploring the Socio-Ecological characteristics of Gahkuch Marshland: a unique wetlands ecosystem in Hindukush mountain ranges. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 4(6), 92. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.13
Aggarwal, D., Kumar, N., & Dutta, V. (2020). Impact on endangered Gangetic dolphins due to construction of waterways on the river Ganga, India: an overview. Environmental Sustainability, 3(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-020-00104-2
Agrawal, A. A., Altizer, S., Hunter, D., Marra, P. P., & Wolf, S. A. (2019). Conservation of declining migratory animals: An interdisciplinary analysis of biology, sociology, and policy. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/35htj
Aguilar, S. (2013). Regulatory Tools for the Management of Fish and Timber Species through CITES. Review of European Comparative & International Environmental Law, 22(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12043
Ahmad, S., Khattak, R. H., Teng, L., Kaneez, K., & Liu, Z. (2022). Factors Affecting Habitat Selection of Endangered Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in Pakistan: Implications for Raptors Conservation. Diversity, 14(12), 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121135
Anastasia, P. (2021). Some aspects of the environmental rights protection. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 4(3), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-4.3-n000079
Bagchi, S., & Mishra, C. (2006). Living with large carnivores: predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Journal of Zoology, 268(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00030.x
Bala, P., Ramaiyer, N. K., & Harris, R. W. (2020). FROM THE MARGINS TO THE MAINSTREAM: INDIGENISED DEVELOPMENT IN BORNEO WITH INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan, 6(2), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.33736/jbk.2898.2020
Banerjee, S., & Sharma, S. (2022). En-gendering human-wildlife interactions in Northeast India: towards decolonized conservation. Journal of Political Ecology, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5217
Bond, J., & Mkutu, K. (2018). Exploring the hidden costs of Human–Wildlife conflict in northern Kenya. African Studies Review, 61(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.134
Branch, J. V., Karlen, J., Organ, J., Bishop, C., Mitchell, M., Regan, R., & Millspaugh, J. J. (2022). Echoes of 1937: Recovering America’s Wildlife Act would bring wildlife conservation funding full circle. Conservation Letters, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12890
Campagna, C., Short, F. T., Polidoro, B. A., McManus, R., Collette, B. B., Pilcher, N. J., De Mitcheson, Y. S., Stuart, S. N., & Carpenter, K. E. (2011). Gulf of Mexico oil blowout increases risks to globally threatened species. BioScience, 61(5), 393–397. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.5.8
Carter, N., Williamson, M. A., Gilbert, S., Lischka, S. A., Prugh, L. R., Lawler, J. J., Metcalf, A. L., Jacob, A. L., Beltrán, B. J., Castro, A. J., Sage, A., & Burnham, M. (2019). Integrated spatial analysis for human–wildlife coexistence in the American West. Environmental Research Letters, 15(2), 021001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab60e1
Cassidy, L., & Salerno, J. (2020). The need for a more inclusive science of elephant conservation. Conservation Letters, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12717
Chairunnisa, E. (2018). PERANAN WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE (WWF) DALAM UPAYA KONSERVASI POPULASI BADAK JAWA DI INDONESIA. Global Political Studies Journal, 2(1), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v2i1.2012
Challender, D. W., Harrop, S. R., & MacMillan, D. C. (2014). Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.11.010
Chaudhari, S. K. (2014). Podophyllum hexandrum: An endangered medicinal plant from Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology, 3(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.19045/bsp
Czech, B., & Borkhataria, R. (2001). The relationship of political party affiliation to wildlife conservation attitudes. Politics and the Life Sciences, 20(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s073093840000513x
Da Silva, F. L., Stefani, M. S., Smith, W. S., Da Cunha-Santino, M. B., & Bianchini, I., Jr. (2019). The municipality role in Brazilian wetlands conservation: establishment of connections among the Master Plan, the National Hydric Resources Policy and two international strategic plans. Revista Brasileira De Geografia Física, 12(6), 2193. https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.6.p2193-2203
Din, J. U., Bari, F., Ali, H., Rehman, E. U., Adli, D. S. H., Abdullah, N. A., Norma-Rashid, Y., Kabir, M., Hameed, S., Nawaz, D. A., & Nawaz, M. A. (2022). Drivers of snow leopard poaching and trade in Pakistan and implications for management. Nature Conservation, 46, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.46.76036
Eze, M. A., & Eze, I. S. (2019). An analysis of the precautionary principles and its adaptation in international, regional and national laws. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, 4(3), 47. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20190403.12
Finlayson, C. M., Capon, S. J., Rissik, D., Pittock, J., Fisk, G., Davidson, N. C., Bodmin, K. A., Papas, P., Robertson, H. A., Schallenberg, M., Saintilan, N., Edyvane, K., & Bino, G. (2017). Policy considerations for managing wetlands under a changing climate. Marine and Freshwater Research, 68(10), 1803. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf16244
Gamba, F. B., Falcon, G. B., Simoncini, M. S., Balestra, R. a. M., & Malvasio, A. (2022). Priority areas and integrated actions for the conservation of Amazonian turtle populations historically over-exploited by humans. Ethnobiology and Conservation, 11. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2022-08-11.19-1-19
Ghoshal, A., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Pandav, B., Sharma, K., Mishra, C., Raghunath, R., & Suryawanshi, K. R. (2017). Assessing changes in distribution of the Endangered snow leopardPanthera unciaand its wild prey over 2 decades in the Indian Himalaya through interview-based occupancy surveys. Oryx, 53(4), 620–632. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001107
Hoe, L. I., & Lian, C. J. (2021). LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THE CONSERVATION ISSUE OF PULAU KUKUP NATIONAL PARK IN JOHOR, MALAYSIA. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(5), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.07.009
Ibrahim, A., Chen, B., Ali, I., Ali, H., Qadir, A., & Yang, G. (2021). Diversity and Conservation of Cetaceans in Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e75384
James, S. A., Soltis, P. S., Belbin, L., Chapman, A. D., Nelson, G., Paul, D. L., & Collins, M. (2018). Herbarium data: Global biodiversity and societal botanical needs for novel research. Applications in Plant Sciences, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1024
Jepson, P., & Whittaker, R. J. (2002). Ecoregions in Context: a Critique with Special Reference to Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 16(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01143.x
Jones, A. (2015). Impacts and Assessment of the Endangered Snow Leopard: A conservational approach. Earth Common Journal, 5(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.31542/j.ecj.273
Jones, S. (2006). A political ecology of wildlife conservation in Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 33(109). https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240601000911
Kanthaswamy, S. (2023). Review: Wildlife forensic genetics—Biological evidence, DNA markers, analytical approaches, and challenges. Animal Genetics, 55(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.13390
Kasper, K., Schweikhard, J., Lehmann, M., Ebert, C. L., Erbe, P., Wayakone, S., Nguyen, T. Q., Le, M. D., & Ziegler, T. (2020). The extent of the illegal trade with terrestrial vertebrates in markets and households in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. Nature Conservation, 41, 25–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.41.51888
Kearney, S. G., Adams, V. M., Fuller, R. A., Possingham, H. P., & Watson, J. E. M. (2018). Estimating the benefit of well-managed protected areas for threatened species conservation. Oryx, 54(2), 276–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001739
Khan, M. Z. (2006). Current status and biodiversity of Indus Dolphin Reserve and Indus Delta Wetlands ( Ramsar Sites ). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Current-Status-and-Biodiversity-of-Indus-Dolphin-(-Khan/eaf88f53ae839272626ca2ccbdc2e2f773b05b10
Khan, T. U., Mannan, A., Hacker, C. E., Ahmad, S., Siddique, M. A., Khan, B. U., Din, E. U., Chen, M., Zhang, C., Nizami, M., & Luan, X. (2021). Use of GIS and Remote Sensing Data to Understand the Impacts of Land Use/Land Cover Changes (LULCC) on Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Habitat in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(7), 3590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073590
Khattak, R. H., Teng, L., Ahmad, S., Bari, F., Rehman, E. U., Shah, A. A., & Liu, Z. (2022). In Pursuit of New Spaces for Threatened Mammals: Assessing Habitat Suitability for Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmeriensis) in the Hindukush Range. Sustainability, 14(3), 1544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031544
Khattak, R. H., Teng, L., Mehmood, T., Rehman, E. U., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Z. (2021). Hostile Interactions of Punjab Urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) towards Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennettii) during Feeding Sessions in Captive Breeding Settings. Animals, 11(5), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051274
Koju, N. P., Bashyal, B., Pandey, B. P., Shah, S. N., Thami, S., & Bleisch, W. V. (2020). First camera-trap record of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal. Oryx, 55(2), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060532000006x
Kuunal, S., Mair, L., Pattison, Z., & McGowan, P. J. K. (2020). Identifying opportunities for improving the coherence of global agreements for species conservation. Conservation Science and Practice, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.294
Latif. (2023). Markhor: Population of Pakistan’s national animal on the rise. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/markhor-population-of-pakistan-s-national-animal-on-the-rise/3039954
López-Hoffman, L., Chester, C. C., Semmens, D. J., Thogmartin, W. E., Rodríguez-McGoffin, M. S., Merideth, R., & Diffendorfer, J. E. (2017). Ecosystem Services from Transborder Migratory Species: Implications for Conservation Governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42(1), 509–539. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-090119
Mahessar, A. A. (2021). Population Assessment and Conservation Strategies of the Indus River Dolphin, Platanista gangetica Minor, in Indus River Sindh, Pakistan. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 25(4), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2021.187233
Mahmood, T., Andleeb, S., & Akrim, F. (2021). Habitat preference of the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata inhabiting Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13(5), 18148–18155. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5872.13.5.18148-18155
Mandishona, E., & Knight, J. (2022). Inland wetlands in Africa: A review of their typologies and ecosystem services. Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment, 46(4), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333221075328
McCay, S. D., & Lacher, T. E. (2021). National level use of International Union for Conservation of Nature knowledge products in American National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans and National Reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Conservation Science and Practice, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.350
Murphy, K. A. (2009). The Precautionary Principle in Patent Law: A View from Canada. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 12(6), 649–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2009.00376.x
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Protected Resources.
Peterson, M. N., Peterson, M. J., Peterson, T. R., & Leong, K. (2013). Why transforming biodiversity conservation conflict is essential and how to begin. Pacific Conservation Biology, 19(2), 94. https://doi.org/10.1071/pc130094
Petrou, Z. I., Manakos, I., & Stathaki, T. (2015). Remote sensing for biodiversity monitoring: a review of methods for biodiversity indicator extraction and assessment of progress towards international targets. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(10), 2333–2363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0947-z
Rafi, U. (2022). Blind Indus Dolphin: Its Risk towards Extinction and Protective Measures. MARKHOR (the Journal of Zoology), 02. https://doi.org/10.54393/mjz.v3i1.26
Ramaano, A. I. (2024). Sustainable tourism development activities and planning systems in Vhembe district, Limpopo province, South Africa: A comprehensive eco-touristic and sustainability perspective. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/agjsr-04-2023-0140
Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Qasim, M., Baloch, M. N., Bohnett, E., Yang, F., Khan, I., & Ahmad, B. (2021). Modelling potential distribution of snow leopards in Pamir, northern Pakistan: Implications for Human–Snow leopard conflicts. Sustainability, 13(23), 13229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313229
Samy-Kamal, M., Shulezhko, T., & Lisitcyna, N. (2023). Marine Endangered and Threatened Species in Russia: A review of current conservation strategies and management legislative tools. Fishes, 8(8), 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080399
Schlaepfer, M. A. (2018). Do non-native species contribute to biodiversity? PloS Biology, 16(4), e2005568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005568
Scholtz, R., & Twidwell, D. (2022). The last continuous grasslands on Earth: Identification and conservation importance. Conservation Science and Practice, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.626
Trouwborst, A. (2007). The precautionary principle in general international law: combating the Babylonian confusion. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 16(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2007.00553.x
Trouwborst, A. (2012). Transboundary wildlife conservation in a Changing climate: adaptation of the Bonn Convention on Migratory Species and its Daughter Instruments to Climate change. Diversity, 4(3), 258–300. https://doi.org/10.3390/d4030258
Ullah, N., Basheer, I., Minghai, Z., Rajpar, M. N., Rehan, M., & Khan, M. T. (2024). Spatiotemporal distribution and population trends of Sindh ibex (Capra aegagrus blythii) in Balochistan during 2019–2022. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 70(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01776-5
Unar, N. A., Mirjat, N. H., Aslam, B., Qasmi, M. A., Ansari, M., & Lohana, K. (2022). Modeling and analysis of load growth expected for electric vehicles in Pakistan (2021–2030). Energies, 15(15), 5426. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155426
Unerman, J., & O’Dwyer, B. (2006). On James Bond and the importance of NGO accountability. Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal, 19(3), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570610670316
Wang, K., & Xing, Z. (2024). Study on the Precautionary Principle in Environmental Justice from the Perspective of Kunming Declaration. Science of Law Journal, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.23977/law.2024.030209
Wang, R. (2011). The precautionary principle in maritime affairs. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-011-0009-7
Waseem, M., Raza, A., Aisha, H., Awan, M. N., Ahmad, T., Nazir, R., & Mahmood, T. (2019). Scale of Illegal Killing and Trade Associated with Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2020.52.1.69.77
Wilkinson, N. I., Hall, J. G., Vickery, J. A., & Buchanan, G. M. (2017). The nature and extent of terrestrial protected area coverage on the UK’s Overseas Territories. Environmental Conservation, 44(4), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000145
World Wildlife Fund Pakistan. (2023). Indus Dolphin. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/indus-river-dolphin
Wyatt, T., Friedman, K., & Hutchinson, A. (2021). Are fish wild? Liverpool Law Review, 42(3), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09285-0
Yin, M., & Zou, K. (2021). The Implementation of the precautionary Principle in Nuclear Safety Regulation: Challenges and Prospects. Sustainability, 13(24), 14033. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414033
Zaman, M., Riegert, J., Chen, Y., Yu, Y., Guo, C., & Fan, L. (2024). Conservation and mitigation approaches for human–gray wolf (Canis lupus) conflicts in Shigar Valley, Northern Pakistan. Wildlife Letters, 2(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/wll2.12031
Zangi, I., Mahmood, T., Akrim, F., & Nadeem, M. S. (2019). Spatial distribution and population estimates of three vulture species in and around Pir Lasura National Park, Northeastern Himalayan Region, Pakistan. Journal of Raptor Research, 53(2), 164. https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-18-18
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
