Assessing the Effect and Relationship of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Employee Job Performance in Academic Settings: An Empirical Study from Rural Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62843/jrsr/2026.v.iii.223Keywords:
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, Workplace Dynamics, Job PerformanceAbstract
The contemporary study examined the correlation of OCB and job performance of the teaching staff of Wari Campus of Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (SBBU), Sheringal, Upper Dir of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and its affiliated colleges. A quantitative research tool(survey) has been used in the study. A total population of 60 faculty were sampled randomly, keeping the sample size according to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table. While data were gathered using a validated questionnaire that measures OCB and job performance. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 27 and descriptive statistics were performed as well as Pearson correlation Test and linear regression tests (Inferential statistics) were carried out. The results showed strong (r > .70) and statistically significant (p < .05) relationships between the overall OCB and all five OCB subscales (altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship). By comparison, OCB and job performance were almost unrelated, with an almost statistically insignificant correlation(r = .002, p = .991). Likewise, regression results revealed that OCB was not a significant predictor of employee engagement (β = -.076, p = .593). Generally, the results advocate that faculty showed comparatively high levels of organizational citizenship behaviors but these behaviors were not related to observable improvements in job performance for the context studied. Thus, the study suggests the need for further research with larger and more diverse samples, more valid and reliable indicators of OCB, and more varied organizational factors.
References
Abdullah, N. A., & Akhtar, M. M. S. (2016). Job satisfaction through organizational citizenship behaviour: A case of university teachers in Pakistan. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 62(2), 134–149. https://doi.org/10.55016/ojs/ajer.v62i2.56074
Barnard, C. I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Harvard University Press.
Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 3(2), 77–85.
Barokah, R. A., Kartawan, Sutisna, D., & Pratminingsih, S. A. (2025). Work-life balance and its influence on organizational citizenship behavior and performance in Indonesian higher education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, Article 102102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102102
Bolino, M. C., Hsiung, H.-H., Harvey, J., & LePine, J. A. (2015). “Well, I’m tired of tryin’”: Organizational citizenship behavior and citizenship fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037583
Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., & Whitney, J. M. (2024). The origin, evolution, and future of organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Collections, 3(3), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.5465/amc.2023.0002
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71–98). Jossey-Bass.
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830090206
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Ludwikowska, K., Zakkariya, K. A., & Aboobaker, N. (2025). Academic leadership and job performance: The effects of organizational citizenship behavior and informal institutional leadership. Asian Education and Development Studies, 14(1), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-04-2024-0074
Nielsen, T. M., Hrivnak, G. A., & Shaw, M. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior and performance: A meta-analysis of group-level research. Small Group Research, 40(5), 555–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496409339630
Niqab, M. (2015). The relationship between principal leadership skills, organizational citizenship behavior and intellectual capital in secondary schools in Pakistan [Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya].
Nunnally, J. C. (1975). Psychometric theory—25 years ago and now. Educational Researcher, 4(10), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X004010007
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It’s construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1002_2
Organ, D. W. (2018). Organizational citizenship behavior: Recent trends and developments. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104536
Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 775–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01781.x
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013079
Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.262
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Hui, C. (1993). Organizational citizenship behaviors and managerial evaluations of employee performance: A review and suggestions for future research. In G. R. Ferris & K. M. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 11, pp. 1–40). JAI Press.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(00)00047-7
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653
Upaparayitam, S., Usman, S. A., D’Souza, G. S., Rajakumar, C. S. C., & Kannan, B. (2025). Unfolding the relationship between emotional intelligence and performance: Organizational citizenship behavior as a mediator and emotional exhaustion as a moderator. International Journal of Educational Management, 39(5), 1342–1365. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-01-2025-0048
Whitman, D. S., Van Rooy, D. L., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Satisfaction, citizenship behaviors, and performance in work units: A meta-analysis of collective construct relations. Personnel Psychology, 63(1), 41–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01162.x
Worku, M. A., & Debela, K. L. (2024). A systematic literature review on organizational citizenship behavior: Conceptualization, antecedents, and future research directions. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), Article 2350804. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2350804
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
