U.S.-China AI Rivalry and its Implications on Pakistan's Cybersecurity and Digital Sovereignty

Abstract

This paper examines the implications of the US-China AI rivalry on Pakistan's digital sovereignty and national security through the lens of offensive realism.  Pakistan, sandwiched between its strategic cooperation with China and historical links with the United States, has increasing cyber risks, technology dependence, and autonomous concerns.  The paper, which draws on primary data from Pakistani cybersecurity institutions, case studies from similarly situated countries, and significant policy documents, demonstrates how the USA and China cyber race exacerbates these challenges.  With 78% of its vital digital infrastructure relying on Chinese technology and little domestic skills, Pakistan is still vulnerable to cyber-espionage, data breaches, and future geopolitical coercion. The article emphasises that such dependence could compromise national security, especially as systemic pressures rise. The paper provides the comprehensive policy recommendations to improve resilience and foster indigenous digital capabilities.  Additionally, it promotes regional cyber collaboration, relationship diversification, and technology non-alignment.